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Objective:To evaluate the effects of low-dose esketamine on remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia in the patients.Methods:Ninety-six American Society of Anesthesiologist Physical Status classificationⅠ or Ⅱ patients, aged 18-60 yr, with body mass index of 18-30 kg/m 2, scheduled for elective thyroidectomy under general anesthesia, were divided into 3 groups ( n=32 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), esketamine administered before anesthesia induction group (group K1), and esketamine administered immediately after the end of surgery group (group K2). Esketamine 0.4 mg/kg was intravenously injected in group K1, and the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in C and K2 groups at 5 min before anesthesia induction. Anesthesia was induced by intravenous injection of propofol, remifentanil and rocuronium. Remifentanil was intravenously infused at a rate of 0.3 μg · kg -1·min -1 and 1.5%-2.5% sevoflurane was inhaled for anesthesia maintenance. Esketamine 0.4 mg/kg was intravenously injected in group K2 and the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in C and K1 groups immediately after the end of surgery. The mechanical pain thresholds of surgical incision and forearm of non-dominant hand were measured at 1 day before surgery and 30 min, 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after surgery, and flurbiprofen axetil was intravenously injected for rescue analgesia when the NRS score≥4 or the patient needed sedation. The intensity of pain was estimated using numeric rating scale at 30 min, 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after surgery. The intraoperative consumption of remifentanil, use of vasoactive drugs, recovery time, tracheal extubation time, duration of PACU stay, postoperative rescue analgesia and adverse reactions were recorded. Results:Compared with C group, the mechanical pain threshold around surgical incision and of the forearm of non-dominant hand was significantly increased at 30 min and 6 h after surgery in K1 and K2 groups ( P<0.05). Compared with C and K1 groups, the emergence time, tracheal extubation time, and duration of PACU stay were significantly prolonged, and the incidence of hallucinations and increased glandular secretion was increased in group K2 ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the consumption of remifentanil, intraoperative utilization rate of atropine and ephedrine, numeric rating scale scores at each time point after surgery, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and rate of rescue analgesia among the three groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Intravenous injection of small dose of esketamine (0.4 mg/kg) before anesthesia induction and immediately after the end of surgery can reduce postoperative hyperalgesia induced by remifentanil, and administration before anesthesia induction provides better efficacy in the patients.
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Objective:To investigate the characteristics of event-related potentials(ERPs)P300 in the development of attention cognitive function of school-age children.Methods:A total of 180 school-age children were divided into 3 groups according to their ages (7-8 years old group with 48 cases, 9-10 years old group with 44 cases and 11-12 years old group with 48 cases). All of the participants completed an Oddball task, and their behavioral data, P3a and P3b components of ERPs were analyzed by SPSS 21.0.Results:(1)The differences of hit numbers(49(47.25, 50), 50(49, 50), 50(50, 50) ), correct reaction time((533.37±56.94) ms, (486.91±61.12) ms, (411.55±51.97) ms), and Omission errors (2(1, 4), 2(1, 3), 1(0, 2) ) among the three groups were statistically significant( F/χ 2=20.635, 54.477, 13.169, all P<0.01). (2)There was a main effect of age( F=3.884, P=0.023) and an interaction effect between age and condition( F=3.314, P=0.038) on the amplitude of P3a, while the main effect of condition was not significant( F=0.111, P=0.740). The amplitude of P3a component in 11-12 years old group ((11.02±6.00)μV) was significantly larger than that of 7-8 years old group ((7.36±4.48)μV) and 9-10 years old group ((7.76±5.17)μV, both P<0.05). However, there was no significant interaction effect between age and condition on P3a latency, P3b amplitude and latency ( P>0.05). Conclusion:P3a may be a sensitive indicator of cognitive function in school-age children, and the age of 11-12 years old is a sensitive period for the development of children's attention orientation and selection ability, which may be related to the development of brain network.
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Objective To explore the changes of attention cognitive function by studying Oddball task behavior and event-related potentials(ERPs) in children with first-episode tic disorder(TD). Methods Oddball task was tested in 30 children with TD and 30 normal children,and their behavioral data and P3a/P3b components of ERPs were analyzed. Results Children with TD had a lower hitting number (49(48, 50)) than control group (50(49,50),P<0. 05). The main effect of group ( F=6. 047,P=0. 015) and the interaction effect between group and condition (F=4. 619,P=0. 034) on the amplitude of P3a were signifi-cant(P<0. 05). The amplitude of P3a component ((5. 91±4. 51)μV ) in TD group were smaller than that in the control group((9. 57±5. 80)μV)(P<0. 05). However,there was no significant interaction effect be-tween group and condition on P3a latency,P3b amplitude and latency (P>0. 05). Conclusion Attentional orienting is impaired in children with TD.
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Objective@#To investigate the features of absolute electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra in children with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) as well as their correlation with cognitive function and behavioral problems.@*Methods@#30 children with borderline intellectual functioning and 42 typical developing children (TDC) were recruited in this study. All of them underwent the Chinese Revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC) and their behavioral problems were assessed according to the Conners’ Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ). Resting EEG of 128 electrodes were recorded when the participants closed their eyes and analyzed using wavelet transform to assess the absolute power of alpha, beta, theta, gamma and theta/beta ratio (TBR).@*Results@#(1)PSQ scores of BIF (conduct problems(0.78±0.16), learning problems(1.53±0.14), psychosomatic disorder(0.17±0.04), impulsivity-hyperactivit(1.13±0.14), anxious(0.52±0.08), hyperactivity inde(1.04±0.10))were higher than TDC(conduct problems(0.21±0.03), learning problems(0.35±0.05), psychosomatic disorder(0.07±0.02), impulsivity-hyperactivit(0.27±0.05), anxious(0.26±0.03), hyperactivity index(0.25±0.04)), and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). (2)alpha band: the main effects of the two groups on the left and right hemisphere (F=14.44, P<0.01)and the anterior and posterior hemispheres (F=29.54, P<0.01) were significant.The interaction effect between the left and right hemisphere and the anterior and posteriorm hemispheres was significant(F=8.55, P<0.01). The activity of the alpha wave was significant in the right posterior hemisphere.(3)The main effects of the two groups on the left and right hemispheres (F=6.49, P=0.01)and the anterior and posterior hemispheres(F=8.01, P=0.01) were significant.The two groups had significant interaction effects between the left and right hemisphere and the type(F=5.84, P=0.02). The interaction between the left and right hemisphere and anterior and posterior hemispheres was significant(F=10.51, P<0.01). The activity of the right anterior and right posterior parts was more significant.(4)delta band: the main effects of the two groups were significant in the anterior and posterior hemispheres(F=11.15, P<0.01), and the activities in the anterior hemisphere were larger than those in the posterior hemisphere.(5)TBR: the main effects of the two groups were significant in the anterior and posterior hemispheres(F=4.80, P=0.03). The TBR of the two groups was statistically significant in the right hemisphere(t=2.61, P=0.01).@*Conclusion@#The TBR activity of BIF on the right was higher than TDC.The increased TBR activity in the right hemisphere of BIF may be a neurobiological basis for cognitive impairment such as adaptive behavior disorder and executive function.
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Objective@#To assess the efficiency and safety of low-dose decitabine in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) to couple with the clinical significance of MDS-related gene mutations.@*Methods@#This study was done in 4 institutions in Zhejiang Province. A total of 62 newly diagnosed patients with lower-risk MDS were assigned to two groups of decitabine (12 mg·m-2·d-1 for 5 consecutive days) and best supportive care (BSC) . Their bone marrow samples were subject to examinations of MDS-related 15 gene mutations. The primary endpoints were the proportion of patients who achieved overall response (ORR) after at least two cycles and progression-free survival (PFS) , and their relevances to the gene mutations.@*Results@#Of 62 enrolled patients, and 51 cases were included in the final analysis. 16 of 24 patients (66.7%) in decitabine group achieved ORR versus 8 of 27 (29.6%) in BSC group (χ2=6.996, P=0.008) ; PFS prolongation of decitabine versus BSC was statistically significant (not reached vs 13.7 months, P=0.037) . Among 51 patients, at least one gene mutation was identified in 20 patients (39.2%) , including 4 single SF3B1 mutation. PFS in cases with gene mutations (not including single SF3B1 mutation) was significantly shorter than of no gene mutation (9.2 months vs 18.5 months, P=0.008) , but not for ORR (37.5% vs 58.1%, P=0.181) . Among 16 patients with mutated genes, ORR in decitabine and BSC groups were 75% (6/8) and 0 (0/8) , respectively. The most adverse events in decitabine group were grade 3 to 4 neutropenia (45.8%) and grade 3 to 4 infections (33.3%) .@*Conclusion@#This preliminary study showed that low-dose decitabine produced promising results with an acceptable safety in lower-risk MDS patients, especially for those with mutated genes. Further study targeting poor prognostic lower-risk MDS patients should be warranted.
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Objective To investigate the behavioral problems,intellectual ability and executive functioning characteristics as well as their correlations in children with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods 60 children with BIF,60 children with ADHD and 60 typical developing children (TDC) participated this study.Parental report measures of behavioral problems were administrated using the Conners' Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ) and Achenbach Children Behavior Checklist Scale (CBCL).All the participants performed the Chinese Revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC) and a neuropsychological test named integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT).Comparison of cognitive profiles and correlation between psychological features were carried out to test the differences and commons among the groups.Results (1) Behavioral problems:the children with BIF had higher scores(3.68±2.85) in withdrawal factor than the children with ADHD (2.82±2.24) and TDC (1.03± 1.59).The children with ADHD had higher scores in conduct,impulsivity,aggressive and delinquent behavior than the children with BIF and TDC.The children with BIF/ADHD had higher scores in learning,anxiety,depression,somatic complaint and hyperactivity than the TDC.(2) Executive functioning:the children with BIF had more visual omission error (12.17± 10.48) than the children with ADHD (6.95±7.20) and TDC (2.33±2.48).The children with BIF and ADHD had lower auditory accuracy and higher visual reaction time,visual/auditory response variability,visual/auditory misrepresentation and auditory omission numbers than the TDC.These was no group difference in auditory reaction time.(3) Correlation analysis:intellectual ability was correlated with behavior problems and neurophysiological index such as conduct,learning,impulsivity,anxiety,depression factors,visual/auditory accuracy,visual reaction time and visual/auditory response variability.Conclusion BIF and ADHD are associated with poor executive functioning and increased behavior problems.The cognitive deficit may be a marker of vulnerability of poor academic and social outcomes in children with BIF and/or ADHD.
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Objective To investigate the behavioral problems and intelligence in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with different degree of sensory integrative dysfunction (SID).Methods Ninety-eight children with ADHD and fifty typical developing children (TD) whose intelligence were assessed with Chinese revised wechsler intelligence scale for children(C-WISC) in this study.Parental report measures of sensory integrative dysfunction and behavioral problems were administrated using the sensory integrative rating scale of children,conners' parent symptom questionnaire (PSQ) and achenbach children behavior checklist scale (CBCL) respectively.Relationship between behavioral problems,cognitive profiles and SID were examined in in children with ADHD with different degree of SID (33 without SID,33 mild SID and 32 severe SID).Results (1) Behavioral problems:the children with ADHD with severe SID (SS) had higher scores in Conduct problem,Learinng problem,Impulsivity-hyperactivity,Hyperactivity index of the PSQ and Depression,Somatic complaint of the CBCL than the children with ADHD without SID (NS),the children with ADHD with mild SID (MS),and TD.SS group had higher scores in Withdrawn behavior,Hyperactivity index,Aggressive and Delinquent behavior in CBCL than the TD and NS groups(P＜0.05).(2) Intelligence:the SS group(98.53±l0.80) had lower Verbal Intelligence Quotient (VIQ) than the TD group(107.40± 12.03) and lower Performance Intelligence Quotient (PIQ) (94.59± 10.56) than the other groups(TD:108.96± 10.20; NS:101.88±8.15 ; MS:100.73 ± 9.52).Additionally,the SS group had lower full scale intelligence quotient (FIQ) (96.22± 10.12) than the NS(102.70±7.52) and TD group (109.18±9.95)(P＜0.05).(3) The scores of SID were negatively correlated with behavior problems (PSQ and CBCL) and positively correlated with PIQ and FIQ.Conclusion SID have negative impact on behavioral problems and cognitive function in children with ADHD.The relationship between sensory integration and cognitive function may provide a new way for the clinical intervention of children with ADHD.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship between cytogenetic markers with World Health Organization (WHO) classification, disease progress and prognosis in cases with primary myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>298 patients with de novo MDS from the first affiliated hospital of medical school, Zhejiang University were enrolled in the retrospective analysis of WHO classification, karyotype, and prognosis. Follow-up study was also conducted.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The WHO classifications at first diagnosis were as follows: refractory cytopenia with unilineage dysplasia (RCUD), 18 cases; refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS), 8 cases; refractory cytopenia with multiline dysplasia (RCMD), 104 cases; refractory anemia with excess blasts-1, 76 cases; refractory anemia with excess blasts-2, 85 cases; MDS unclassified (MDS-U), 5 cases involved; and single del (5q), 2 cases. 39.6% of MDS patients carried karyotypic abnormalities. Among them, the frequency of numerical abnormalities, structural abnormalities and the existence of composite abnormalities were 45, 31, and 42, respectively. The composite abnormalities were unbalanced translocations and complex chromosomal abnormalities. The incidence of both karyotypic abnormalities and complex chromosomal abnormalities in RAEB group was higher than that in non-RAEB group (P<0. 05). An analysis based on IPSS-R Scoring System showed that advanced risk stratification (except the low-risk group) gradually enhanced the incidence of karyotypic abnormalities (P<0.05). In addition, the probability of evolution to leukemia increased with the higher IPSS-R score (P<0.05). In RAEB group, the cases with +8 chromosome, accounting for 19.5% of karyotypic abnormalities, had worse prognosis than those with normal chromosomes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Karyotype was identified with an independent risk factor in MDS patients. Therefore, the information on cytogenetic analysis was critical for diagnosis, prognosis and individual treatment. MDS patients presenting+8 chromosome, an intermediate risk factor, were associated with a poorer outcome compared to cases with normal chromosomes in RAEB group.</p>
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Humans , Abnormal Karyotype , Anemia, Refractory , Chromosome Aberrations , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 , Follow-Up Studies , Karyotyping , Myelodysplastic Syndromes , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
Objective To study on antibacterial effect of active ingredient of se-enriched Macleya cordata.Methods Penicillin sodium and saline as control, detected the average inhibition zone diameter of se-enriched Macleya cordata group ( containing 0.96 mg/mL sanguinarine) on 9 common bacteria with disc agar diffusion method;20% methanol and saline as control, se-enriched Macleya cordata group which the average inhibition zone diameter was minimum, without se-enriched Macleya cordata group and penicillin sodium were diluted with 20% methanol, made concentration of 0.48, 0.24,0.12,0.06, 0.03 mg/mL.minimal inhibitory concentration ( MIC) of each treatment group was determined by agar dilution method, evaluated antibacterial effect of se-enriched Macleaya cordata group.Results se-enriched Macleya cordata group could improve antibacterial effect significantly, the average inhibition zone of 100 μg/mL sodium selenite treatment group was minimum(Φ15.33 mm);MIC of se-enriched Macleya cordata group on E.coli O1 , E.coli P22 , E.Dublin reduced from 0.96 to 0.24 mg/mL;MIC of S.typhimurium and S.suipare were 0.12 mg/mL;MIC of S.aureus and S.suis were 0.06 mg/mL; MIC of E.Dublin and L.murrayi were less than 0.03 mg/mL.Conclusion Se-enriched Macleya cordata improves the antibacterial effect signififcantly, and it lays the theoretical foundation for development and utilization of se-enriched Macleya cordata for future.
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BACKGROUND:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into osteoblasts under inducing condition that Zouguiwan and Youguiwan coordinate inducers, but the mechanism remains to be discussed. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of serum containing Zuoguiwan and Youguiwan on transforming growth factorβ1 and its signal transduction protein Smad2/3 message expression during the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS:A whole bone marrow adherence method was adopted to isolate and cultivate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from rats. The cellcultivation was processed in five groups:bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were respectively cultured with blank serum, serum containing Zouguiwan, serum containing Youguiwan, positive serum containing progynova+inducer (dexamethasone, vitamin C, andβ-glycerophosphate), and inducer. Western blot was applied to detect the expression of type I col agen. The immunohistochemical assay was utilized to test transforming growth factorβ1 and Smad2/3 expression in the osteoblasts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:It was apparently more significant for serum containing Zuoguiwan and Youguiwan on type I col agen, transforming growth factorβ1 and Smad2/3 expression, compared with blank serum group and inducer group (P<0.05);moreover, serum containing Zuoguiwan was better than serum containing Youguiwan (P<0.05). Both of serum containing Zuoguiwan and Youguiwan are able to promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Moreover, Zuoguiwan is much more effective indicating that this method of traditional Chinese medicine about nourishing kidneys can be better to promote osteogenic induction of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
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Objective To investigate the intelligence structure and attention properties,and to explore the relationship between them in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder of the predominantly inattention type (ADHD-Ⅰ),predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI) and combined type (ADHD-C).Methods Children with ADHD-Ⅰ (n=24),ADHD-HI(n=12) and ADHD-C (n=54) aged between 7-10 years were tested with Chinese Revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC) and integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT).Comparisons of cognitive profiles of C-WISC scores between subtypes of ADHD were performed.Additionally,the relationship between attention/response control quotients and cognitive profiles was investigated.Results (1) Intelligence structure:verbal intelligence (VIQ) of ADHD-HI (110.08± 10.64) was higher than that of ADHD-C (101.13± 13.20) and ADHD-Ⅰ (94.71± 11.11).Full scale intelligence quotient (FIQ) of ADHD-HI (104.33±9.63) was higher than that of ADHD-Ⅰ (94.38± 10.48).Factor A of ADHD-HI (45.75±7.14) and ADHD-C (41.41±8.57) were higher than that of ADHD-Ⅰ (36.67±6.72).Factor C of ADHD-HI (33.42±5.42) was higher than that of ADHD-C (29.24±5.26) and ADHD-Ⅰ (29.13±5.39).(2) Attention properties:Full scale attention quotient of ADHD-C (90.26± 11.67) was lower than that of ADHD-Ⅰ (98.17 ± 18.03) and ADHD-HI (99.25± 15.58).Auditory attention quotient of ADHD-C (89.94± 14.16) was lower than that of ADHD-Ⅰ (99.00± 18.66).(3) Relationship between intelligence and attention:the Pearson correlations of the auditory attention quotient and auditory control quotient with the PIQ were 0.24 and 0.29 respectively.The correlations of the visual attention quotient with the PIQ and FIQ were 0.21 and 0.25 respectively.The correlations of the full scale attention quotient with PIQ and FIQ were 0.27 and 0.24 respectively.Each of these correlations reached the level of significance at the 5％ level.Conclusion Cognitive profile and attention properties analysis reveal that children with different subtypes of ADHD have distinct weakness in intelligence structure.The understanding of relationship between intelligence structure and attention properties in children with subtypes of ADHD is useful for ADHD diagnosis and treatment.
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Objective To investigate behavior and electrophysiological manifestations of sustained attention and executive function in School-age children with tic disorder(TD).Methods Sixty-six school-aged children (36 TD and 30 control) participated in a CPT-AX task.Behavioral measures and ERP measures were collected.Results The 1.The Behavior results:there were no significant differences between the TD group and the control group in hitting number ((38.07 ± 3.04),(38.93 ± 1.48)),reaction time ((465.427 ± 97.00) ms,(500.17 ± 131.29) ms),the number of errors of omission((1.97 ± 3.02),(1.07 ± 1.48)) and the number of false errors ((1.77 ± 2.50),(1.07 ± 1.53)) (P ＞ 0.05).2.The ERP results:①Group and condition had significant main effect and interaction effect on N2 amplitude (P ＜ 0.05),while not on the latency of N2 (P ＞ 0.05).②Group had significant main effect on the amplitude and latency of P3,but main effect of Group and the interaction effect are not significant (P ＞ 0.05).③The TD group's amplitude of Nogo-N2 ((-1.39 ± 3.321) μV) were smaller than that of the control group ((-4.09 ± 2.94) μV) (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Children with TD performance impaired conflict monitor,while exhibit no deficits in sustained attention and response inhibition.
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Objective To investigate the effect of neurofeedback training for tics symptoms and electroencephalogram (EEG) spectrum change in children with tic disorder.Methods 19 patients with transient tic disorder (TTD),20 with chronic motor or vocal tic disorder (CTD) and 15 with Tourette' s disorder (TS) received 40 sessions of neurofeedback training.The clinical effect was evaluated with Yale Global Tic Severity Scale,and brain activity improvement with EEG theta/beta,theta / sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) power ratio.Results The patients with three types of tic disorder all showed a reduction of tics symptoms (TTD:10.32 ± 0.82 vs.5.91 ± 5.74;CTD:12.35 ±1.50 vs.4.00 ±2.22; TS:25.33 ±2.80 vs.13.73 ±4.22; P＜0.01).Additionally,the patients showed theta decreasing and SMR enhancing after the sessions.The ratio of theta/beta (TTD:2.52 ±0.38 vs.2.33 ±0.32;CTD:2.43 ±0.39 vs.2.21 ±0.30; TS:2.64 ±0.35 vs.2.39 ±0.26) and theta/SMR was significantly lower than before treatment (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Neurofeedback training is an effective and valuable treatment in tic disorder especially in the patients with transient tic disorder and mild chronic motor or vocal tic disorder.
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Objective To explore the behavior and initial sandtray characters of the children with oppositional defiant disorders (ODD) in order to provide psychological and behavioral intervention as early as possible.Methods The differences of the Conners parent symptom questionnaire (PSQ) and initial sandtrays between 24 children with ODD and 24 normal children were compared.Results PSQ indicated that children with ODD had higher scores of conduct proble((1.31 ± 0.53),(0.36 ± 0.31)),learning problem ((2.01 ± 0.66),(0.57 ±0.5)),hyperactivity-impulsion ((1.60 ± 0.77),(0.35 ± 0.41)),anxiety ((0.60 ± 0.50),(0.27 ± 0.25)) and hyperactivity index((1.12 ± 0.31),(0.78 ± 0.28)) than normal children.On the use of toys,the experimental group was significantly higher in armament and transports and lower in plants and stones(P＜0.05).On the theme of sandtrays,the ODD group was significantly higher in disorder,neglect,injury,threat and lower in integration and energy (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The results show that the children with ODD have more anxiety experience than normal children and this may be associated with oppositional conduct.Children with ODD use more aggressive toys and wounded themes,revealing their attack and conflict.Psychological intervention can be provided according to the characters of behavior scale and initial sandtray.
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Objective To investigate the cognitive impairment and time-on-task characteristics of combined type(C type) and predominantly inattentive type (Ⅰ type) of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Methods 24 cases with C type ADHD,20 cases with Ⅰ type ADHD and 24 normal children were completed 2 Block period of continuous performance test task,with conducting a comparative analysis of the behavior results of three groups and block1 and block2.Results 1.three groups comparison:hit numbers of C type (64.37 ±5.29) and Ⅰ type (63.55 ±5.28) were lower than that of the normal control group(67.04 ±2.03) ; reaction time of Ⅰ type (540.33 ± 90.33) ms was longer than that of the normal control group (470.56 ± 95.39)ms; intra-individual variability(ⅡⅤ) of C type (174.24 ± 56.3)ms and Ⅰ type (201.12 ± 50.79)ms were higher than that of the normal control group(144.72 ± 37.17) ms.Commission errors of other figures after 1 of C type was higher than that of Ⅰ type; reaction time of commission errors of Ⅰ type[(701.34 ±311.54) ms] was longer than that of C type((512.57 ± 279.22)ms),and all the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).2.Timeon-task comparison:hit numbers,omission errors and ⅡⅤ had the significantly main effect of the type of subjects (P ＜ 0.05) ; hit numbers,omission errors,reaction time and ⅡⅤ had the significantly main effect of time-on-task (P＜0.01) ; Block2 the reaction time of C type and Ⅰ type((501.82 ± 112.47)ms,559.33 ± 90.73)ms) were significantly longer than that of Block1 ((473.19 ± 106.43) ms,(523.45 ± 99.86) ms) (P ＜ 0.05),while no significant difference (P＞0.05) in the normal control group.Conclusions C type ADHD has attention deficit and impulsivity and response inhibition defects.Ⅰ type ADHD has attention deficit and information processing capacity backward.Reaction rate of ADHD is more vulnerable to the impact of time-on-task.Two subtypes of ADHD children has different modes of cognitive impairment.
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ObjectiveTo explore the particular inner world of the children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)with the sandplay therapy and the initial sandtray's clinical diagnosis role and value on the ADHD.MethodsThe differences of the initial sandtrays between 28 children with ADHD and 24 normal children were compared.Results 1.On the use of toys,the experimental group was significantly higher in transports ((5.04 ±6.60),(1.38 ±2.12),t=2.73) and lower in stones((0.00 ±0.00),(8.00 ± 12.33),t=-3.18).2.On the scene of sandtrays,the experimental group was significantly higher in the fight( x2 =12.96,P ＜ 0.01 ),dynamic scenes ( x2 =13.37,P ＜ 0.01 ).3.On the use of self-images,the experimental group was lower than the normal children,and the differences were significant ( x2 =4.75,P ＜ 0.05 ).4.There were no significant differences in the use of sand between two groups( x2 =3.46,P ＞ 0.05).ConclusionThe results show that the children with ADHD have significantly characteristics in sandtrays.Initial sandtray is valuable to be an aid to clinical diagnosis and intervention means.
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Objective To investigate the effects of UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9 I399 C ＞ T single nucleotide polymorphism on postoperative sedation with propofol in patients undergoing breast surgery.Methods One hundred and fifty-two ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ female patients,aged 20-50 yr,weighing 50-70 kg,scheduled for elective benign breast tumor excision under general anesthesia,were enrolled in this study.The polymorphic sites of the UGT1A9 I399 C ＞ T allele were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.The patients were assigned to one of 3 groups according to their genotypes:wild homozygote (C/C) group,mutation heterozygote (C/T) group and mutation homozygote (T/T) group.During induction and maintenance of anesthesia,propofol was given by target-controlled infusion with the plasma concentration (Cp) of 3μg/ml.Blood samples were taken at 60 min after target-controlled infusion of propofol was started for determination of the Cp of propofol using high-performance liquid chromatography.The time when OAAS was 4 after stopping the infusion of propofol was recorded and the BIS value and effect-site concentration of propofol were also recorded at this time.The time when BIS value was 80 was recorded and the effect-site concentration of propofol was also recorded at this time.Results Genotyping analysis revealed that genotype distribution of UGT1A9 I399 C ＞ T polymorphism was C/C 24 cases,C/T 96 cases and T/T 32 cases.The T allele frequency was 53％.The C allele frequency was 47.4％.There was no significant difference in the Cp of propofol,time when OAAS was 4,BIS value and effectsite concentration of propofol when OAAS was 4,time when BIS value was 80 and effect-site concentration of propofol when BIS value was 80 among the three groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion UGT1 A9 I399C ＞ T single nucleotide polymorphism is not the genetic factor contributing to the individual variation in the patient' s response to postoperative analgesia with propofol in patients undergoing breast surgery.
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Objective The present study aimed to trace the behavior results and event-related potential (ERP) of conflict monitoring from 7 ～ 12 years old to explore the development features of the conflict monitoring.Methods In six groups of 144 children aged from 7 to 12,behavior and non-target N2 amplitude were analyzed in continuous performance test (CPT) task. Results 1. Behavior results:the reaction time of target stimulus decreased ( ( 533.33 ± 66.65 ) ms, (523.91 ± 92.96 ) ms, (468.37 ± 64. 13 ) ms, ( 46 1.48 ± 98.31 ) ms, (457.57 ±84.05 ) ms, (405.02 ± 67.90) ms) and the hitting number increased ( ( 34.87 ± 4.84 ), ( 37.64 ± 3.54 ), ( 37.95± 2.92 ), (38.67 ± 1.23 ), (39.31 ± 1.08 ), ( 39.45 ± 1.00 ) ) as age increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( P＜0.01 ). 2. ERP: ①The non-target N2 amplitude was significantly higher than the target,and the difference was statistically significant (F= 98.57, P＜ 0.01 ). ②The amplitude of non-target N2 amplitude decreased with age, and the difference was statistically significant (F= 5.54, P＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusion The non-target N2 was closely related to the monitoring conflict, and the behavior and ERP results in this study showed the development trend. 8 ～ l0 and 12 years old are the critical development period of information processing speed, attention and conflict monitoring function for children.
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Objective To examine the curative effect of EEG biofeedback therapy on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),and to investigate the neural mechanism underlying the executive function in children with ADHD.Methods 42 children with ADHD participated a Go/Nogo task before and after the EEG biofeedback therapy which was consisted of 20 times of treatments.The curative effect was evaluated using the behavioral and electrophysiological indexes associated with the Go/Nogo processing in the experiment.Results Commission error significantly decreased after the therapy ( (2.95 ±2.22 ) vs (4.65 ±4.47),P＜0.05 ).Latencies of P2 ( (210.00 ± 27.54) ms vs ( 228.27 ± 34.17 ) ms) and N2 components ( ( 310.59 ± 45.82) ms vs (328.00 ± 42.27)ms) elicited by Go trials significantly exhibited shorter at the end of therapy.Additionally,the amplitude of N2 component elicited by Nogo trials exhibited significantly decreased after therapy ((0.23 ±3.79)μV vs (-1.84 ± 4.23 ) μV,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The EEG biofeedback therapy is effective in debasing the hyperactivity/impulsive behaviors and improving the ability of target detection,which may be beneficial to the attention ability and conflict detecting in children with ADHD.EEG biofeedback is an effective treatment to ADHD.
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Objective To investigate the risk factors which indicate behavior problems and degree of conflict function defects in different subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder( ADHD),and to compare behavioral problems,family environment and conflict function in children with and without ADHD.Methods 87children with ADHD and 38 matched controls performed Simon-Stroop task while questionnaires (Parent Symptom Questionnaire and Family environment Scale)were acquired from their parents.Results Questionnaire indicated that children with ADHD-combined(ADHD-C) had the highest score of conduct problem( 1.05 ± 0.44),learning problem ( 1.97 ± 0.52 ),hyperactivity-impulsion ( 1.56 ± 0.60) and hyperactivity index ( 1.45 ± 0.40 ) than ADHDⅠ(0.65±0.32,1.58 ±0.58,1.06 ±0.46,1.01 ±0.31) and matched controls ( 0.42 ±0.24,0.77 ±0.49,0.58±0.40,0.55 ±0.34) in PSQ.ADHD-Ⅰ and ADHD-C had higher score of contradiction(3.28 ± 1.70,4.61 ±2.56 ) and lower score of family cohesion (6.75 ± 2.27,6.61 ± 2.03 ),emotional expression (5.03 ± 1.54,5.06 ±1.91 ),knowledge (3.83 ± 2.30,3.61 ± 1.81 ) and entertainment (3.70 ± 2.12,3.47 ± 2.32 ) than matched controls (2.36 ± 1.44,8.06 ± 1.71,6.03 ± 1.54,4.86 ± 1.91,4.83 ± 2.29) in FES-CV.Behavior data indicated that the correct rate of children with ADHD-Ⅰ and ADHD-C in Simon-incongruent trials( Siin:0.76 ± 0.13,0.69 ±0.13 ) and Stroop-inconsistent trials( Stin:0.82 ± 0.10,0.78 ± 0.08 )were lower and reaction time of children with ADHD-Ⅰ and ADHD-C in the Siin ( (876.4 ± 97.34) ms,( 893.8 ± 130.1 ) ms) and Stin ( ( 864.4 ± 91.82 ) ms,(860.2 ± 125.0) ms) were longer than matched controls ( (Siin (0.81 ± 0.11 ) ms,(810.4 ± 136.1 ) ms; Stin (0.87 ± 0.08 ) ms,(797.4 ± 136.1 ) ms).Pearson correlation analysis suggested that some factors in the FES-CV had correlation with behavioral problems.Conclusion This finding indicates that poor family environment is the risk factor that indicate behavioral problems in children with ADHD and behavioral problems,conflict function defeet of ADHD-C are more serious than ADHD-Ⅰ and matched controls.